How Intervention Strategies Contribute to Change Essay Example for Free

How Intervention Strategies generate to Change EssayAnne-Marie van Oost, Master of commercial sciences and Innovation Management, InduTec asbl/vzw, avenue Nellie Melbalaan 73, 1070 Brussels, emailprotected Jacques Tichon, Dr. Ing., Haute Ecole Paul-Henri Spaak, rue Royale 150, 1000 Brussels, emailprotected abstractChange involves moving from unity condition to a nonher. Change is not necessarily innovation. But an arranging that finds a fundamentally new way to reach and serve its customers has achieved an innovation.Organisations ar changing at a come in pace to keep up with an purlieu that demands to a greater extent performance. Some organisations atomic number 18 doing a good transmission line of changing to meet new performance requirements. These organisations know that spay is the rule and that they al piteous for need to get across alter to continue to thrive.Every manager who has tried to guide an organisational mixed bag has experienced the reality of hav ing to absorb the business while changing the business.Running an organisation and changing an organisation atomic number 18 two contrary phase of jobs each requiring different mindsets and skill sets. That wouldnt be a problem if deepens didnt come along lots and an organisation could just keep doing what it had been doing and still satisfy customers and stakeholders. But todays environment is very different than it was a few years ago, and falsify is now the rule and not the exception.Employees moldinessiness be able to perform as comfortably during the trade as they perform when the organisation is not changing. Unfortunately most managers and employees puzzle been overtrained to perform in a no change, and undertrained to perform during change.This article pull up stakes give you some theoretical concepts you will need to better understand the need of mastering change.1. How to provoke organisational change happen? What is the wideness to interact 2. Are all organi sations having trouble changing? Lots of organisations are not changing well enough to avoid negative consequences. Change implies inevitably electrical resistance. 3. It is leadership that foc usances the organisation on its new direction, whether that direction comes low from the leader hi/herself or from the mind of others. It is leadership that must coordinate the processes of change so that the organisation does not lose its way. It is leadership that supplies the courage for continued change in the face of the inevitable resistance and disappointment along the way.1.INTRODUCTIONChange has to do with learn oganisations. The concept has found favour in organisational development and management studies with the work of Senge, Nonaka Takeuchi, and others. , who have highlighted the importance of building learning organisations. The thinking is that only organisations that can learn fast will be equip for the period of rapid change. Heifetz and Lauria state firmly that Solut ions to adaptive challenges reside not in the executive suite but in the collective intelligence of employees at all levels1.In order to improve organisational performance, in that location must be recognition that change and the turbulence it generates will undoubtedely affects all parts of the system.That is why it is one of the fundamental tasks of leadership to balance attention to the management of performance with attention to the management of change and suspicionAcademic Education focuses on technical and mental competences and stresses the need to train skills required for executive functions and leadership. earth and private enterprise would very much welcome purposeful and efficient training for leadership skills, but very often cannot find properly trained applicants for managerial positions.2Leading large number means request people to change. One has to learn how to change,one has to really want change and go for it. If people take upt really want to learn and change, it will not happen. That is why changing is so difficult.With this newspaper publisher some concepts and models are introduced from literature that offer some insight into the management of change. But keep in mind that models may offer some insight, but at the same time they show and disguise reality, because they are dyed by definition.If change really is of the essence, if you really wish to see change croak at the behaviour level, for example to see managers manage changes differently or to see a greater get of teamwork, then you have to think of something that compels such behaviour (Eric Van de Reed, P., Extraordinary leadership, creating strategies for change, Kogan Page, UK, 2001. Pfeiffer, J.W., voorwoord in , Situationeel leiding geven, Uitgeverij military control Contact, Amsterdam, 2006 2 1Loo).3 This article deals with behaviour interpositions, topics like resistance and power as important derivatives, as well as leadership in relation to change.1.1Interv ening as a technique and phenomenonTo intervene means that person forces their way into an existing system of relationships, people, groups or objects with the aim of improving it. In processes of change intervening as a technique and phenomenon is an important topic.But keep in mind that models may offer some insight, but at the same time they show and conceal reality, because they are one-sided by definition. Aryris defines to intervene as follows.4 Organisations do not perform the actions that put up the learning. It is individuals playing as agents of organisations who produce the behaviour that leads to learning. Organisations can create conditions that may momentously influence whatindividuals frame as the problem, design as a solution, and produce as action to solve a problem. Whenever an error is detected and corrected without challenge or altering the underlying values of the system (be it individual, group, intergroup, organisational orinterorganisational), the learni ng is single-loop. The term is borrowed from electrical technology a curb is defined as a single-loop learner. The thermostat is programmes to detect states of too cold or too hot, and to correct the situation by turning the heat on or off. If the thermostat asked itself such questions as why it was set at 68 degrees, ot why it was programmed as it was, then it would be a picture-loop learner.Single-loop learning occurs when matches are created, or when mismatches are corrected by changing actions. Double-loop learning occurs when mismatches are corrected by first examining and altering the governing variables and then the actions. Governing ariables are the preferred states that individuans puree to satisfice when they are acting. These governing variabes are not the underlying beliefs or values people espouse. They are the ten have, Steven en Wouter, Verandering,over het doordacht werken aan de organisatie, Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds, 2004 4 Argyris, C. ,On organisational learning , Blackwell Publishing, 2004 3variables that can be inferred, by observing the actions of individuals acting as agents for the organisation, to drive and guide their actions. This is where preventative shows up. In case you dont handle the double loop thinking, you become a servant of the status quoIn his Intervention theory and system a behavioral science view, Argyris presents 3 methods of intervention 1. To rely on knowledge and know-how already present in an intervener. Success is pretty much guaranteed as the proven methods put a client at ease. 2. To use in a creative manner a combination of different sources of existing knowledge of an intervener from prior situations. This requires much time than the first draw close. 3. A third approach builds on the first two methods to meld sources of knowledge of an intervener with those of a client. In this way, anintervention divine services a client to understand a problem and the intervention contributes to the theoretical kno wledge base of an intervener. This approach is less common, but should be preferred over the first 2 methods.The joint development of conceptual models not only helps the client, but is also useful for time to come cases an intervener has to deal with. In this way, an intervener tries to translate specific issues of a client to generally applicable rules and views the various interventions and strategies of change as complementary. Harrison, R.5 sees the different methods and strategies for change as complementary . He does not consider the methods as different ways of doing the same thing, but rather as different ways of doing different things. Harrison contends there is a need for a conceptual model that indicates which strategy is suitable for which problem. A distinction in this estimation might be the depth of the intervention at an individual, emotional level.Harrison explains depth according to 5 strategies 1. trading operations abbreviation this approach (very little de pth) addresses the use of roles and functions within an organisation. The strategy is aimed at bringing about change in the relationship between the different roles. The assumption is that people are exchangeable to a significant degree. Thus, relevant skills, needs and values of people within an organisation should be discernable. Harrison, R. Choosing the depth of Organisational Intervention , journal of applied Behavioral Science, 181-200 52. Management by objectives (an approach with a little more depth) This approach addresses the individual turn ups. The individual and the manager agree on the services to be provided. The process (how to achieve those results) cadaver latent. 3. Instrumental process analysis This strategy does address the process what is someones work call and what is its influence on others within an organisation? A particular person is the focus of attention what stimulates and curbs someones performance and how can negotiations be conducted between group s and individuals in order to achieve better results through work behaviour and work relationships?4. Interpersonal relationships . (this approach exhibits a great deal of depth). The intervention focuses on feelings co-workers have vis--vis eachother and is aimed at improving teamwork. 5. Intra-personal analysis (deepest level of intervention). A person is fritter in their core with the aim of gaining more insight into the inner self as well as into relationships with significant others.The level of depth has different effects on an organisation The more depth a method has, the more difficult the intervention is. The more depth there is, the more personal the result is, the less transferable it is. As an intervention becomes more personal, the amount of available information shrinks. The predictability of the outcome of an intervention decreases as the depth of an intervention increases.Conclusion there should not be more depth than required to obtain a long-lasting solution to t he current problems.1.2ResistanceWhenever there is talk of change or change is in the air, resistance is just around the corner. It is important to ascertain where exactly processes of change are bogged down and what the underlying dynamics are. Boonstra frequently attributes resistance to blocked relationship patterns. Van de Loo makes a slight differentiation and describes resistance as non-rational reactions and specifically relationships suffering from a non-open, safe and insular environment.Kotter Schlesinger6, Readings in managerial Psychology, 1989, 664-678, lay out a strategic approach to organisation change. Major changes and a low tolerance level in coworkers cause resistance. Managers are aware of the role played by resistance but few take that into account in defining the approach. The 4 most common reasons for resistance are 1. Parochial self-interest employees believe they are losing something valuable. Self-interest is placed above the companys interest. This type o f resistance often is reflected in subtle, political behaviour that isexhibited before and during a change if the interests of a co-worker or of a group of co-workers do not match the organisations interest.2. misunderstand and lack of trust If co-workers do not understand the consequences and believe there will be more downsides than upsides to a change, they may also fee resistance. It is therefore key to clarify ambiguities as quickly as possible and to inspire as much trust as possible. 3 Different assessments This situation often is created when different groups have different information available. Employees may get the impression that a change will have more drawbacks than benefits, twain for themselves and for the entire organisation. 4. Low tolerance for change This type of resistance stems from uncertainty and fear over not meeting the demands in terms of new skills and behaviour, even as co-workers corroborate change will be beneficial. There is also the fear over loss of face if change is perceived as doubt over previous activities.Major changes and low tolerance for change on the part of co-workers breed resistance. Kotter Schlesinger identify roughly 6 ways of dealing with resistance (strategy) 1. education and discourse especially in cases where resistance is caused by wrong or insufficient information, education and communication in advance can help reduce the level of resistance as well as the amount of time and effort put in. 2. participation and involvement involving potential opponents in change can help prevent resistance. Participation leads to commitment.3. support (training, time off after a heavy period, listening and providing emotional support,.. if it is fear and concern that cause resistance, support is the best medicine. 4. negotiation and agreement offering incentives to active or political opponents can also reduce resistance. This method is effective if co-workers are losing position. The drawbacks are the high cost and th e fact that a manager weakens his position once it becomes apparent that he is open to negotiation. Kotter,J.P. Schlesinger L.A. , Choosing strategies for change, Readings in Managerial Psychology, 1989, 664-678 65. manipulation and co-optation manipulation boils down to selective use of information cooptation is to appoint a co-worker to an important post at the time of design or implementation. However, if co-workers feel like theyhave been misled, this will give rise to even more resistance than had no action been taken. 6. explicit and implicit in(predicate) coercion to coerce co-workers into accepting change, for instance by threatening dismissal or transfer.The selection of the method for implementing change depends on the desired speed, the level of planning in advance, the involvement of co-workers as well as the alternatives. To increase the level of victory, a manager may do the following 1. perform an organisation analysis representing the current situation, the probl ems and their causes. Also, such an analysis provides insight into the speed at which problems should be solved as well as the type of change needed. 2. draw up a list of factors that are important for the change needed.This will increase the insight into who may put up resistance, why and how much, who has the necessary information, whose cooperation is crucial for the implementation and what the relationship between initiators and co-workers is like. 3. select a strategy of change, based on the analyses set out above. This strategy determines the speed of change and the level of planning and participation. 4. monitor the process of change in order to judge unexpected events during the process of change in a timely and adequate manner.1.3 LeadershipIt is becoming more and more evident that the way the human potential is made use of, is the standard to judge the success of an organisation. The outcome of our striving for excellency depends upon the way we manage to offer leadership . Our own staff and employees will regulate if our organisation will prosper.It was Paul Herseys challenge to develop a model of leadership that is both practical and based on clear, universal and logical concepts. The model he has developed is called Situational Leadership7.7Hersey, P., The situational leader, Uitgeverij Business Contact Amsterdam, 2006In this model first the dimensions Guiding and Supporting as instruments to influence people have been entered on the two-dimensional chart. By Guiding Hersey means actions that instruct people what to do, how and when to do it, and who specifically has to do it. Supporting contains listening, encouraging, creating conditions, showing appreciation and empathy. Then the 4 quadrants are entered into the model to show the 4 different styles or manners of leadership.